28 July 2013

Items to Share: 28 July

Education Focus
  • Lies, Damned Lies and Things You are Told During Teacher Training | Scenes From The Battleground It's not my field, so I won't comment on the synthetic phonics points; and I'm sympathetic to the point about the poor quality of research, but I wonder about the scepticism about old models. The reason for their survival is their effectiveness as tools, and I hope subject to critical analysis. The writer seems to have a take-it-or-leave-it black-and-white view of teacher education.
Other Business

25 July 2013

On putting money where my mouth is

I was quite a fan of Rowan Williams, and his little book on Lewis' Narnia, The Lion's World (SPCK, 2012) was fascinating, but the new incumbent at Lambeth, Justin Welby, is a different kettle of fish. As Ally Fogg comments in the Grauniad
The Most Rev Justin Welby hasn't been in his job too long, but I have to say I rather like the way he carries a mitre. The new Archbishop of Canterbury had barely blown the dust off the doilies at Lambeth Palace before laying into the government on their indifference to deepening poverty, stepping quietly out of the way of equal marriage reform, savaging Atos and the iniquities of the work capability assessment and tearing a strip off Lord Freud for demonising benefit claimants and food bank users. I've had new jobs where it has taken me longer than this to work out how to use the photocopier.
He is planning to address the scandal of pay-day loans, by using the "common bond" of Church of England parishes to promote the creation of credit unions (more). Brilliant! (Obviously some scoff.)

It even gave me an idea. I have some modest savings, and they are losing value all the time while interest rates are lower than inflation. So I decided to do something different with at least a chunk of them, and moved it to the local Credit Union. It's unlikely they will pay out a dividend at all, but at least it's socially useful as well as safe (the same guarantees apply as to the big banks). It's delightfully scruffy and amateurish in a way--they gave me a pass-book with hand-written entries, but recorded it on the computer as well--and it's as far removed from conventional banking as you can get.

 The customer before me had a chat with the clerk (probably a volunteer), and gave him a stick of rock she had brought back from  a break in Cromer... It's personal, and can handle small amounts of money, and it's based in a community (that's the "common bond"), and of course it is cheaper than an outfit like Wonga--which Welby wants to out-compete.

I commend them to the house!

22 July 2013

Items to share: 21 July

Education Focus
  • Who Ruined the Humanities? - WSJ.com "Of course it's important to read the great poets and novelists. But not in a university classroom, where literature has been turned into a bland, soulless competition for grades and status." (I couldn't agree more. I enjoyed my undergraduate experience, and had some fantastic teachers, but the net effect was still to put me off the humanities for about 20 years.)
Other Business
  • Differences among languages: True untranslatability | The Economist  Roman Jakobson, a linguist, is credited with the notion that languages differ not so much in what they can express as what they must express. ... The traditional idea of "can't be translated" has the facts exactly backwards. Who knew that the truly untranslatable words were those that say the least? 
  • Unhappy Truckers and Other Algorithmic Problems (Nautilus)  "As mathematicians, operations research specialists, and corporate executives set out to mathematize and optimize the transportation networks that interconnect our modern world, they are re-discovering some of our most human quirks and capabilities. They are finding that their job is as much to discover the world, as it is to change it." (The travelling salesman problem.)
  • "Positivity Ratio" Criticized In New Sokal Affair - Neuroskeptic | DiscoverMagazine.com  "The target this time is the ‘critical positivity ratio’ – the idea that if your ratio of positive to negative emotions is over a certain value, 2.9013, then you will ‘flourish’; any lower and you won’t. The ‘critical positivity ratio’ is a popular idea. Fredrickson and Losada’s 2005 paper on it has been cited a massive 964 times on Google Scholar, just for starters. And yet – that paper is complete rubbish. As are Losada’s previous papers on the issue. I criticize a lot of papers myself, but this one really takes the biscuit. It’s an open and shut case." 
  • These child-abuse stats are PANTS | Ken McLaughlin | spiked "In his classic book, Folk Devils and Moral Panics, the late Stanley Cohen warned us that one of the dangers moral panics pose is that they can manipulate us into taking some things too seriously and other things not seriously enough. That is why advocacy research can adversely affect social policy. As we are manipulated into viewing abuse as everywhere and encouraged to give our money to the NSPCC, many much-needed services for children who have suffered horrendous experiences will miss out. It would be far better for the worst-affected children, and society in general, if the NSPCC and others offered a more realistic assessment of the risk of abuse."

15 July 2013

Items to Share: 14 July

Education Focus
  • 10 truths a PhD supervisor will never tell you | Features | Times Higher Education from Tara Brabazon. I'm suspicious--this seems to be written more for effect than serious guidance, but then PhDs are very different. There's little in common between supervising a doctoral student who is a member of a lab team working full-time on a research project directed by a principal investigator funded externally, where the student is finally given her own little angle to write up in her final months, and supervising a part-timer who has devised his own project and is trying to fit it in around full-time work...
  • How not to write a PhD thesis | General | Times Higher Education (This is an earlier revisionist take on the PhD from Brabazon) "When a student uses words such as “discourse” and “ideology” as if they were neutral nouns, it is often a signal for the start of a pantomime of naivety throughout the script. Instead of an “analysis”, postgraduates describe their work as “deconstruction”. It is not deconstruction. They describe their approach as “structuralist”. It is not structuralist. Simply because they study structures does not mean it is structuralist. Conversely, simply because they do not study structures does not mean it is poststructuralist. The number of students who fling names around as if they are fashion labels (“Dior”, “Derrida”, “Givenchy”, “Gramsci”) is becoming a problem. I also feel sorry for the students who are attempting a deep engagement with these theorists." Yes!
Other Business
  • Nice Results, But What Did You Expect? – Phenomena  "Running double-blind studies is easy enough when your medicine looks the same as a saline drip, but it’s usually impossible in psychology. “Psychology interventions aren’t like pills, [...]If you’re receiving an experimental treatment for depression, you know that you’re receiving treatment.” 
  • The Joy of Old Age. (No Kidding.) - NYTimes.com  (Oliver Sacks) "At nearly 80, with a scattering of medical and surgical problems, none disabling, I feel glad to be alive — “I’m glad I’m not dead!” sometimes bursts out of me when the weather is perfect. (This is in contrast to a story I heard from a friend who, walking with Samuel Beckett in Paris on a perfect spring morning, said to him, “Doesn’t a day like this make you glad to be alive?” to which Beckett answered, “I wouldn’t go as far as that.”)

08 July 2013

Items to Share: 7 July


Education Focus
Other Business
  • MindMup Free on-line cloud-based mind-mapping.
  • The greatest literary takedowns of all time - Salon.com 'The most serious-minded takedowns detect a moral failing in the putative giant. Bertrand Russell [...] assailed no less a figure than Socrates in his wonderful (and deliciously readable) A History of Western Philosophy, writing, “He is dishonest and sophistical in argument, and in his private thinking he uses intellect to prove conclusions that are to him agreeable, rather than in a disinterested search for knowledge. There is something smug and unctuous about him, which reminds one of a bad type of cleric.”'
  • Who cares? The crisis of kindness in the NHS | Alka Sehgal Cuthbert | spiked  "If anything, the proposed ever-tighter regulation of those doing the caring – nurses, doctors, and so on – is likely to exacerbate this crisis of care. That’s because the act of caring depends upon the moral autonomy of the individual carer; it cannot be externally coerced or regulated into being." and 

04 July 2013

On unintended education

As I noted the other day, I've been exploring assessment recently, and in particular problems inherent in the process, and Type I and Type II errors. These are usually discussed in relation to medical tests, rather than educational ones, but the same principles hold. Type I errors are so-called "false positive" results--when the test "discovers" something which is not there. Type II errors are of course the opposite, where the test fails to identify something which really is there. I've discussed them in relation to assessment here.

(Incidentally, I got myself into a mess trying to explain to students why simply making the test harder in order to reduce the false positives--arguably the more serious error in the system--doesn't work. Not only does it not work, it counter-intuitively increases the number of such errors. I've fudged that on the linked page, frankly, but I still don't understand what's happening! I may return to this topic. Advice welcome!)

This post is about trying to get a handle on (some of) the mismatches between education/training programmes and the real-world occupations they purport to prepare people for. They do both less than and more than they are supposed to (type II and type I). And despite simplistic nostrums like "competence-based assessment" there are no simple solutions...

Nursing and Medicine

I'm starting with a bit of background, because there have been several news stories recently, mainly about nursing (the Staffordshire report, and the proposal that prospective nursing students start as Health-Care Assistants among them) which focus on the supposed deficiencies of training in that (and of course other) field(s). I've written about this earlier, but this time I want to look at a more general issue implicit in the story.

That is the untested assumption that the outcomes of professional formation in general, and training in particular, are those intended and only those intended, and that they are beneficial and desirable. We recognise that medical treatments have side-effects, and indeed that sometimes "the cure is worse than the disease", but rarely does that issue surface in the discussion of education and training. Unintended effects are a kind of Type I error.

Studies such as this meta-analysis and this, however, suggest that those "caring" and "empathic" qualities which are currently being lauded so much, actually diminish in the course of medical training. That is not new; I have a very tattered reprint of this study from 1960 by Isobel Menzies-Lyth snappily entitled (originally) A case-study in the functioning of social systems as a defence against anxiety in which she discusses how the system of training for nurses at that time set out to encourage barriers between nurse and patient, so as to preserve the nurse from being overwhelmed by the suffering of their patients. A range of strategies--such as frequent rotation between wards, concentration on tasks to be performed rather than on patients to be cared for (on the button for mid-Staffs), de-humanisation of patients by referring to their disorders rather than them as individuals ("the emphysema in bed 13"), and the primacy of the nursing hierarchy (matron) were deliberately employed to cultivate psychological distance between nurse and patient, on the grounds that a nurse rendered incapable by emotional involvement with a patient was worse than useless.

It took time, but the implications of that perspective were eventually recognised and underpinned (alongside other concerns) the introduction of  the Project 2000 reforms in 1986: the present state of play is discussed in a series of articles from just a year ago in the Independent, starting here. The comments from practitioners and others are worth reading.

Social work

I wrote the above several weeks ago, but an associated issue has popped up again, this time in child protection. Social work education is again under attack, this time as the scapegoat for the failings of the police and children's services to act in the Oxfordshire grooming case. Harriet Sergeant wrote a coruscating articles about the shortcomings of the residential child care system in particular in the Sunday Times on 19 May--that is behind a paywall, but it was picked up and quotations from it were posted here on the Conservative Home blog. That re-posting concentrated on one of Ms Sergeant's (seconding Mr Gove) rather strange ideas--that problems in social work with children and families would be addressed by appointing social workers without a social work qualification*.

There are many things wrong with this idea--as one of the commenters notes, it smacks of naive consultancy "solutions" with no clue about the realities of practice, and as another points out, this may be one area where "graduates from top universities" may well have even less of a clue than the average punter. Graduates of the care system, on the other hand? (And I'm privileged to have known, trained and worked with some truly impressive people who had to follow that route.)

There are also some things right with it--learning on the job is great, when properly supported and supervised--but the balance has to be struck. It is hard to regulate what might be learned--a placement in an over-stretched team (or care home) with a churning staff group, more than half of whom are agency locum staff (not their fault), can teach cynicism and defeatism with frightening effectiveness. And without very skilled mentoring by very accomplished practitioners, on-the-job learning can plateau at survival level, far short of best practice.

However, the interesting issue here is the insistence on the "pernicious nature" of the social work degree, based on some skilfully cherry-picked claims in a linked post. Sergeant's informant is of course correct about the "rubbish you have to pretend to believe." I commented on that some time ago. Frankly, I don't remember anyone who fell for that. Indeed, given that bullsnit-detection is a key skill of a social worker (from both ends of the role-set!) failure to see through that could/should have been a criterion for graduation. Having said that, my experience predates the three-year, standalone, degree. I had grave reservations about accepting school-leavers onto qualifying courses and argued at one point for a minimum entry age of 25, which was defeated in committee as "discriminatory"!  Never mind...

The argument is that the qualifying process actually de-skills the practitioner. So an unqualified practitioner is more skilled than a qualified person.

There are two versions of this argument: the first is that the unintended consequences are more potent than the intended ones, so the training is incompetent. The second, which approaches a conspiracy theory, and which seems to be espoused by many of the Conservative Home commenters, is that it is a deliberate policy to undermine "society". There were--perhaps still are--some individuals for whom the political issues which cannot be avoided in social work are much more important than the experiences of individuals, families and communities, and for whom traditional "good practice" is merely the expression of Marxist "false consciousness"--and who are dogmatically, even demagogically, vocal about it, but it is not wise to judge the training by this minority.

Nevertheless, their ideology, and endemic "groupthink" in social care organisations under pressure and with ill-defined tasks and strategies, may in some cases make it harder for junior practitioners to stand up for their own beliefs and practices. The limitation of the training is that it does tend to buy into a spurious "politically correct" consensus, and shies away from equipping practitioners to argue their corner.

Teaching

I moved from social work education to teacher education, still low down in the professional pecking order, but not quite as far down. There too I encountered similar claims, although being made more stridently in the USA than the UK, and again largely from the political right. In both countries, the concern has been sufficient for the governments to accept or even promote alternative routes to professional accreditation, in the form of TeachFirst and TeachForAmerica.

And in the UK, the latest idea is that redundant non-graduate former service personnel will be able to train as teachers in two years; their experience in the forces will carry credit towards the qualification. The underlying assumption seems to be that such experience is more relevant than that acquired in the university classroom. The experiment harks back to the 13-month emergency teacher training scheme of the immediate post-war era.

Implicit in the scheme is a recognition (warranted or not), that academic preparation may be irrelevant or perhaps even inimical to effective practice. I can't imagine that this can ever be empirically researched--given the shifting discourses surrounding education and the enormous vested interests involved, but perhaps it is a legitimate question. Even Carl Rogers admitted it; human beings, he said;
"[...]are curious about their world, until and unless this curiosity is blunted by their experience in our educational system."
Rogers C R (1969) Freedom to Learn Merrill: Columbus Ohio (ch 7)
My work for the past 15 years has been involved with teacher education in the post-compulsory, mainly vocational, sector; I can certainly testify that in terms of orientation and values at least, the non-graduate students have often been more capable and resourceful than their more academic fellows. It is just possible that the experience of university does actually blunt that enthusiasm... Ken Robinson has been on Radio 2 this week making his usual point about that--I won't link because there was nothing new

Discussion

What to make of this rather rambling discussion?

Curriculum planning in vocational or professional education areas such as these assumes that we are painting on a flat blank white canvas--not in terms of a personal tabula rasa, but of a neutral context in which practitioners will work. But the context is not neutral. It is not flat and it is not blank. To push the metaphor closer to its limits, the background colours show through, and the irregularities of the practice landscape mean that in some places formal learning "takes" readily, and in others it just drains away.

Enter the community of practice (CoP). Generally speaking, the CoP aspect of professional learning has got a good press, and although the terminology may not be used, the proponents of alternative approaches to preparation for the (semi-) professions discussed are implicitly endorsing learnig on the job and the occupational socialisation which goes with it. However, even Wenger warns against such a view;
"Communities of practice are not intrinsically beneficial or harmful. They are not privileged in terms of positive or negative effects. Yet they are a force to be reckoned with, for better or for worse."
Wenger E (1998) Communities of Practice[...] Cambridge U P p. 85
It is the potency of the sub-cultures within organisations which makes a CoP something of a wild-card. They are very effective at socialising new members, but there is no guarantee that the socialisation will be into best practice. Indeed in many cases it will be survival oriented and as mentioned above, when that is your aspiration, it rather puts a cap on quality. (See also the associated discussion here).

This has two implications. The first is a warning about over-reliance on practitioners and the practice setting as a major agency for training.

The second is the importance of the environment of the practice. It is far too sweeping to make claims that survival sub-culture will be less common in settings where practitioners feel valued and not under threat. This is not an argument for the naivety of Theory Y management styles. Nevertheless, "When you're up to your armpits in alligators, it's hard to remember to drain the swamp." (One of many variations, attributed to Ronald Reagan.) The Menzies study of nurse training mentioned at the beginning recognised the pressure and anxiety inherent in the job. The pressures of social work are self-evident. Teaching is also recognised as a stressful occupation. And it may also be worth mentioning the extent to which sub-cultures thrive within the emergency and the armed services--because of the security and trust they can engender for those within them, however crude, self-serving and oppressive they may be from the point of view of the outsider.

The training process rarely engages effectively with such issues. Indeed, formal curricula rarely even recognise their existence--except through addressing codes of practice which often seem to be prepared by people who have been away from practice for almost as long as I have, and whose feet are a long way off the ground. That is not to say that good programmes do not try hard to get at the issues--but it is very difficult to do so without blaming. The whole history of political correctness in professional education testifies to the malignant synergy which develops when ideological interests among the staff--perhaps vying to be "more sanctimonious than thou" because their disciplines and claims to academic or professional credibility are soft and weak--meet with the denial, or at least silence, of the students about attitudes and values which it is dangerous to express. In this recent post, I discussed Brookfield's use of critical theory as a framework for reflection, and referred briefly to its own hegemonic status; but I didn't make much of how it can be used to stifle dissent. He made much of how brave one has to be (particularly as a student) to "hunt assumptions" and challenge them from a critical (Frankfurt school) standpoint, but nothing of how much braver it might sometimes be to argue that just occasionally the Daily Mail might get something right.

All of which is a rather convoluted way of saying that driving less-than-good practice underground is not an effective way of dealing with it. Two thoughts;
  • Primum non nocere (first of all to do harm) underpins not only medicine but also the other services I have mentioned in this post. It is not possible to enact. All of them are harmful to some people who come into contact with them, as practitioners, clients and managers. The probability that some aspects of our practice are toxic, and that that is a necessary feature of it which cannot be made to go away, needs to be discussed on training programmes in a constructive and not defensive manner. That is hard work. Failure to tackle it, however, is a major Type II error.
  • Some of this poor practice serves a defensive purpose; you can't just take it away and not offer an alternative way of dealing with the problems--if you do so you make the situation worse. As Jesus put it, "When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest; and finding none, he saith, I will return unto my house whence I came out. And when he cometh, he findeth it swept and garnished. Then goeth he, and taketh to himseven other spirits more wicked than himself; and they enter in, and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first." (Luke 11;24-26 AV). 
Trying to strip away resources which help practitioners to survive is a major Type I error.

* Disclosure: I spent 20+ years in social work education, having worked on and led courses leading to the Certificate in the Residential Care of Children and Young People, the Certificate of Qualification in Social Work, and the Diploma in Social Work. All were in their time the standard nationally accredited qualifications in the field. I left the field before the introduction of the undergraduate degree. I have never worked as a social worker, and I do not myself hold any of the qualifications above. If you think that's strange, so do I; more here.

This is an even less coherent post than usual. Sorry--very much work in progress! Feel free to comment.

01 July 2013

Items to share: 30 June

Education Focus
  • How can we improve our education system? | Pragmatic Education  Quotes Rob Coe approvingly: "Much of what is claimed as school improvement is illusory, and many of the most commonly advocated strategies for improvement are not robustly proven to work”; and proceeds to offer prescriptions. Debatable at several levels--and thus a good piece to use in class.
  • BBC Radio 4 - The Life Scientific, Elizabeth Stokoe (Audio) "Liz is professor of social interaction at the University of Loughborough and her unusual approach involves collecting and analysing the fine details of hundreds of real, spontaneous conversations as a source of raw data.[...].Her most recent research has overturned ideas about the best ways to teach people how to communicate, negotiate or deal with confrontation. Role play using actors to stage a scenario, has been seen by many as a gold standard training device. But, Liz says there's no evidence to show that it works." That will come as a relief to students who hate it!


Other Business
  • Q & A with Temple Grandin on The Autistic Brain | Beautiful Minds, Scientific American Blog Network  "To many, Temple Grandin is the public face of autism. Grandin’s story has significantly increased autism awareness around the world, and has increased society’s appreciation of the unique and positive characteristics of the autistic mind. But Grandin is much more than just a label: in addition to being an activist, Grandin is also an author, professor, and highly regarded animal scientist for her innovative methods for handling livestock."